How Trump Supercharged Distrust, Driving U.S. Allies Away

The F-35, a fifth-generation fighter, was developed in partnership with eight countries, making it a model of international cooperation.When President Trump introduced its successor, the F-47, he praised its strengths — and said the version sold to allies would be deliberately downgraded.That made sense, Mr.

Trump said last week, “because someday, maybe they’re not our allies.”For many countries wedded to the United States, his remark confirmed a related conclusion: that America can no longer be trusted.Even nations not yet directly affected can see where things are heading, as Mr.

Trump threatens allies’ economies, their defense partnerships and even their sovereignty.For now, they are negotiating to minimize the pain from blow after blow, including a broad round of tariffs expected in April.But at the same time, they are pulling back.

Preparing for intimidation to be a lasting feature of U.S.relations, they are trying to go their own way.A few examples:Canada made a $4.2 billion deal with Australia this month to develop cutting-edge radar and announced that it was in talks to take part in the European Union’s military buildup.Portugal and other NATO nations are reconsidering plans to buy F-35s, fearing American control over parts and software.Negotiations over a free trade and technology deal between the European Union and India have suddenly accelerated after years of delays.Brazil is not only increasing trade with China, it’s doing it in China’s currency, sidelining the dollar.Several allies, including Poland, South Korea and Australia, are even discussing whether to build or secure access to nuclear weapons for their own protection.Some degree of distancing from the United States had already been in motion as other countries became wealthier, more capable and less convinced that American centrality would be permanent.

But the past few months of Trump 2.0 have supercharged the process.History and psychology help explain why.Few forces have s...